The Qualitative Or Quantitative Processes Psychology Essay

The Qualitative Or Quantitative Processes Psychology Essay Development on the whole is a complex teleological concept; it constitutes a direction and an end it involves various stages and is certainly not as simple as it seems. The view of development is used to provide meaning and order to changes that occur over time in childrens development. Development involves biological, emotional and psychological changes that take place in humans between the period of birth and towards the end of adolescence, as they progress from dependency to autonomy. During prenatal stage, developmental changes are strongly influenced by genetic factors and other events. There are various different concepts embedded in the view of development that, upon watching it closely does not seem so obvious. The idea of development is clear but the directions, mechanisms and ends of development are not so obvious. The aim of this essay is to discuss a controversial issue in developmental science enflamed by nativists, that is whether it is qualitative or quantitative proce sses that assist us in different developmental aspects. With the perspective of dynamical systems theory this essay defends qualitative change by briefly discussing dynamical systems theory briefly due to word count limit provided for this essay. This essay also shows that qualitative and quantitative changes should not be considered in opposition as they are aligned phenomenons that they very much work hand in hand across different time scales and play a fundamental role in developmental processes. Qualitative change refers to when individuals progress in developmental stages results in them becoming different than how they were earlier or continuous gradual accumulation of small changes e.g. the way children behave, think and perceive the world in a different manner as they mature or after acquiring language children look at the world in a completely different manner, as now he/she is able to give names and now have the ability to think about abstract objects that do not have concrete reality. Whereas quantitative change occurs as a result of continuous acquisition of novel information and experiences. Children grow physically stronger and bigger and acquire sophisticated knowledge for instance a child who after being two years old has grown few inches and has gained 12 pounds, so growth in weight and height indicates quantative differences. Essentially big sudden changes in development, as simple as they seem are actually result of a accumulation of gradual various miniature changes, that are even hard to notice sometimes for instance it might seem that children start walking suddenly, but is a result of rather series of small changes in development which involves steady growth and strengthening of muscles that can assist the child to lift the body weight. Child development shows a mixture of both types of qualitative and quantitative changes in processes and they are equally important. Children advances in cognitive abilities in terms of processing of information, younger children are unable to hold a number of objects in their memory in compare to older children (quantitative change). The memory of older children is qualitatively different as they are capable of using various strategies e.g. organization of information and practice to improve the number of information they can hold in their memory but younger children do not use these strategies (quantitative change) as they are not aware of them. Between 4 and 10 months in children, qualitative change shows how categories are learned and represented possibly because of the onset of language emergence in children. The idea of transformational change and continuity in development has been popular points of controversy in the history of science. In the past two decades growing number of theories claimed of continuity amongst infants and older children abilities. Most of these theories come from nativist tradition, by showing infants amazing abilities and their seeming association to forms of cognition (e.g. Meltzoff Moore, 1977; Wynn 1992). Kagan (2008) claims that theories of continuity are exaggerated e.g childrens capability to use complex semantic networks are qualitatively different from infants ability to form perceptual schemata in looking tasks. The empirical evidence of childrens competence is on insignificant grounds as empirical record is based on single measure of infants performance which was the final looking time and is influenced by a lot of factors and has been overlooked in the past by psychologists and researchers interested in revealing early competence in children. This essay uses an example of development of dynamical systems view, theoretical framework in order to understand the two important issues of whether development occurs through qualitative or quantitative processes. The aim is to define qualitative development from a dynamical systems view. I argue that qualitative changes in structural organization of behaviour happens at the time scale of behaviour the second to second time scale of thoughts, actions, emotions. This idea states that the changes that occur over development and learning is due to qualitatively different behavioural states and depends upon the stability and infants or childs flexible shifting from one state to the other state. Dynamical systems theory was introduced to developmental science by Thelen and Smith (1994) with the publication of (A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action). During the past two decades concepts of Dynamical systems theory has been applied to various phenomenas for example motor development (Corbetta Thelen, 1996), socio emotional development (Lewis Lamey Douglas, 1999), cognitive development (Spencer et al; 2007). DST determines that development is a non linear process (Thelen 1989), which states that movement in children is not developed in a continuous steady rate and in a continuous manner, but it goes through lots of changes in a sub system which eventually results in the whole system to be able to shift and consequently results in a novel motor behaviour (Smith Thelen 1993). What does qualitative mean? For various developmental researchers the term qualitative refers to transformational change which is creating something novel that is not associated to something old for instance caterpillars transforms in to a butterfly from a cocoon, what goes in to the cocoon does not really similar to what comes out. Is that a qualitative change? Is it not obvious that there has to be some biological connection between the caterpillar and the butterfly? Is it the transformation or continuity as well as discontinuity or could it be that perceptual schemata might be connected to the appearance of the initial semantic network? In the past abrupt and transformational changes were thought to show qualitative rearrangements in development but when examined at finer levels of detail they tend to be more continuous. (Adolph, Robinson, Young, Gill- Alvarez, in press; Siegler, 1994; Siegler, 1996). DST defines qualitative frame work in a precise manner showing evidence of identification of qualitative change process, and the connection between qualitative and continuous changes. The qualitative transformation with regards to DST takes place when a system shifts from one attractor condition via stability to another attractor condition. Dynamical systems are defined as mathematically modelled systems that use equations which show the rate of change of one system of variable at each moment in time. If the current state of the system and its direction of change which is how fast the system is moving along in a line assists us to use the current state, add the amount of change and then it is possible to predict where the system will be at the next point over time. Successful completion of this process can lead to the possibility of us to learn in detail the development of a child and to predict each step along the way. The issue is that dynamical developmental systems are really complex. We are unable to understand all the details of a complex system, so we have to go for something simple. We have to learn how the system acts around certain specific points known as attractors, which enable the system to gravitate over time. The complication is that these attractors have the capability to change themselves. When a qualitative transition takes place in a dynamical system it shifts from being in the local territory of one attractor to losing that attractor and gravitating toward a new one. The question stands is that how do we learn when one attractor becomes unstable and other one appears this process is known as bifurcation review Braun, (1994). There are three important critical points to be considered. First one is that qualitative change in DST is dependent on the change in the attractor states of the system which is a shift from state of stability through instability in to a different attractor state. Second one is that just by observing the system behave in time cannot explain the processes involved in the system, thirdly there is an important association between continuity and qualitative change within DST. Qualitative changes arise from continuous changes in various aspects of the system e.g. when a neural system is moved through a small change in self excitation from a perceptual state to working memory state. Changes in the dynamics of system are often seen as shifting of attractor wells. Various categories of action appear as infants shift from reaching to crawling to walking and so forth. At specific time in development the collection of wells grasps potential actions. And the depth of different wells grasps the stability of the specific action type. Table no 1 shows various developmental theories and their position with regards to qualitative vs. quantitative changes controversies, (Berk, 2003; McDevitt Ormrod, 2004). DST states that infants can self assemble, novel motor attributes in new situations. It also states that development occurs in individual children solving unique issues in their own ways. Thelen suggests that every child is different with regards to their body, their experiences and nervous system. It is impossible to predict the course of development. The research carries on. Conclusion: This essay discussed whether it is qualitative or quantitative changes that assist developmental processes in human beings. Child development involves both qualitative and quantitative growth processes and the emergence of differentiation capabilities over time. The challenge of dynamical systems is to learn and understand development, how qualitatively novel attractors appear in real time and how they become stable and accessible to promote development. This essay defends qualitative shifts as they play such a vital role as to what emerges over development is all about. The important thing is that qualitative and quantitave (continuous, gradual) shifts or changes should not be held in opposition. The view of qualitative and quantitative changes should go hand in hand. DST provides defence of qualitative development, a frame work to understand the connection amongst qualitative and quantitative development and pushes our learning and understanding of development towards l ocal time scale where continuity and appearance go hand in hand in order to produce novel things from something that is old. Table 1: Seven developmental theories and their position with regards to qualitative vs. quantitative changes controversies, (Berk, 2003; McDevitt Ormrod, 2004) Theory Nature vs. Nurture Qualitative vs. Quantitative Social Learning Interaction of nature and nurture Quantitative Biological Maturational Nature Quantitative and qualitative Ecological Interaction of nature and nurture Quantitative Psychosocial Interaction of nature and nurture Qualitative Cognitive Developmental Interaction of nature and nurture Qualitative Behaviorist Nurture Quantitative Sociocultural Interaction of nature and nurture, with more emphasis on nurture Quantitative

Jackie Robinson

Jackie is historically recognized for his most significant impact on American society of breaking the color barrier in Major League Baseball in 1947. After his initial introduction to the Major Leagues with the Brooklyn Dodgers, Jackie became the target of white race criticism all around the league including players and coaches. His challenge with the racism around the league was to not fight back, but stay a quiet, polite, ordinary baseball player.After his astounding first season and World Series appearance with the Dodgers, he became a true aspiration to African Americans and portrayed that anyone from any racial background is capable of achieving their goals if they set their mind to it. Although he was the first African to play in the MOL, he earned the respect of members of the MOL organization and ended up being known as one of the most talented baseball players of all time.His amazing stats over his career such as leading the league in stolen bases, double plays as a second b aseman, his Impressive eating average, and his MAP award, led to his induction to the Hall of Fame In 1962. His most famous statistic in his baseball career is his 19 stolen bases home. In 1997, the MOL decided to retire the number 42 for all teams In Jackass's honor, which prevents a player from ever wearing the number 42 again in MOL history. After his career in baseball, Jackie continued to fight to Improve the quality of life not only for Africans but also for society as a whole.He also became Vice President of Chock Full Nut's in 1957 and became the first African to do so In a major reparation. Robinson became an activist and leader of the African community with the NAACP in 1957 to raise money and ultimately end segregation. In his attempt to end the discrimination, he gave speeches, encouraged new Ideas, marched and stood at protests fighting for a better life among society. Jackie came Into the league hoping to Impact the racial struggle, which he did, but ended up significa ntly Impacting U. S. Imperialism's political status on the world stage.In present day, the blacks that play Major League Baseball and other Major League sports around America would not be able to do what they do without Jackass's courageous fight to end discrimination against African Americans. Cackle made American society have a different perspective on the world of sports today. By J_acquiring Jackie Robinson was born in Georgia in 1919 to a family of sharecroppers. Jackie is leading the league in stolen bases, double plays as a second baseman, his impressive batting average, and his MAP award, led to his induction to the Hall of Fame in 1962. He MOL decided to retire the number 42 for all teams in Jackass's honor, which After his career in baseball, Jackie continued to fight to improve the quality of life Chock Full Nut's in 1957 and became the first African to do so in a major end the discrimination, he gave speeches, encouraged new ideas, marched and stood at protests fighting for a better life among society. Jackie came into the league hoping to impact the racial struggle, which he did, but ended up significantly impacting U. S. jackie robinson

Essay on The Best and Worst College Degrees - 1030 Words

The Best and Worst College Degrees Abstract In today’s society everyone thinks they need to go to college, and over 80% of kids out of high school are. Out of all these kids going to Universities, the majority don’t even know what they want to be the rest of their lives once they get to college. Common sense would tell us that people would go into the field that paid them the most money, this is not always true. So what are the most popular fields to go into when getting out of high School? We did a little research and some comparative analysis, and this is what we came up with. Engineering: Research shows that the third most popular degree in demand is engineering. This pertains to the three major types of engineering. Whether†¦show more content†¦When looking at the pay scale, another positive aspect of the job would be the starting salary, which is just over $40,000. The best part about the pay is that it increases at over 4%. Accounting: The number one most popular bachelor degree in America is accounting. An accountant is a trained professional that keeps everything about the business in running order. This may mean anything from book keeping, to following trends in the market, or just simply tax audits. When going after a degree in accounting there is a lot of math, and plain accountant classes involved. Although accounting is the number one degree in demand, it does not even rank in the top 5 for starting salaries. If you are just a basic accountant starting out on your own, you can plan on making about $45,000, with a 4.6% increase. Bachelor’s Degrees In Demand 1.) Accounting 2.) Business 3.) Electrical Engineering 4.) Computer Science 5.) Mechanical Engineering 6.) Information Sciences 7.) Marketing 8.) Computer Engineering 9.) Civil Engineering 10.) Economics/ Finance Every one of these top degrees is very much different from the next, but there are a few things that all of them have in common. For one the pay level in all three of these top job fields is very exceptional. When the employers in these three fields were polled, they all said that the number one way to get better employees is to offer better benefits. The biggest demand employees want when getting a job, is medical insurance.Show MoreRelatedThe Benefits Of Graduate School Education1470 Words   |  6 Pagesgraduate school. Education is a tricky subject in determining the potential risk of going for an advanced degree. With such a broad category, this has to be taken into account on an individual degree basis. For instance, those that want to teach at a college, need a higher level degree than those who want to teach at an elementary school. However, a big occurrence of the degree not being worth the pursuit is a master’s in curriculum and instruction. With the median salary being $60,600, covering schoolsRead MorePursuing An Undergraduate Degree1339 Words   |  6 Pagesundergraduate degrees that society discounts, as it is often listed as one of the worst college undergraduate degrees (Rapacon). Despite this, Art undergraduate degrees are just as useful and relevant as any other undergraduate degree. Let’s start by addressing one of the most pressing issues that surrounds an Art undergraduate degree; the unemployment rate. After all, your student is going to college so they can get a job. Unemployment is an issue that is not limited to art undergraduate degrees, as otherRead MoreThe Price Of College Tuition1162 Words   |  5 PagesWe’re at a point of our high school career when we are looking at colleges and thinking about possible careers we want to pursue in the near future. But has the price tag on certain colleges have you thinking â€Å"I can’t afford that†, and made you look the other way? Well, I am here today to show you that the price of college tuition is an investment and will benefit you in your future careers. My opponent here might say that college costs have been increasing, or prestigious universities have pricedRead MoreShould Everyone Go To College Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pages The topic of college attendance and acceptance rates continues to be one of heated debate today. Colleges used to be a place for brilliant scholars to keep their path towards higher education, but have turned into a massive source of stress and debt for students nowadays who feel that college is essential for any form of successful career. Students are pressures more now than ever by parents, friends, and a society that tells them college is the only way to â€Å"a wage premium to earn to secure a decentRead MoreHigh School Dropout Rates And Unemployment962 Words   |  4 PagesAttitude shows that Grant Berry wanted a good fulfilling job than just working in a meat market. John Merrow’s documentary, which first aired on PBS on June 23, 2005 called Declining By Degrees, includes media coverage on postsecondary education, college admissions, curriculum reform, market-driven colleges, athletics, college choice and educational attainment, diversity and campus racial climates, philanthropy, and curriculum and campus life. These two articles will show why school matters most to forRead MoreOnline Education Is A Type Of Distance Learning1141 Words   |  5 PagesOnline education is a type of distance learning that involves taking courses without attending an on-campus college. Instead students and professors interact over the internet. It utilizes the Internet or videoconferencing to create learning communities. Course materials are provided on a Web site and are occasionally found on CD-ROM; email, bulletin boards, forums, and chat rooms are used to interact with other students and teachers. (â€Å"Online Learning?† 2015) In 1873 the first official online educationRead MoreOnline Education Is A Type Of Distance Learning1142 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Online education is a type of distance learning that involves taking college courses without attending the campus. Instead students and professors interact over the Internet. It utilizes the Internet or video conferencing to create learning communities. Course materials are provided on a Web site and are occasionally found on CD-ROM; email, bulletin boards, forums, and chat rooms are used to interact with other students and teachers. (â€Å"Online Learning?† 2015) In 1873 the first officialRead MoreShould Colleges Be Free? Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesShould colleges be free in America? It is a question that is more relevant today than ever before. As education is one key factor that determines the nation’s fate going forward, this question is worth debating. Making free college education may sound good theoretically but requires herculean efforts to make it practically possible. The main question is whether such program be effective in the long run or not? If, yes how long will the government able to support these costs and from where? Are tuitionRead MoreThe Current American Education System1350 Words   |  6 PagesThe current American education system has its flaws. Public schools struggle, private schools charge exorbitant prices, and the status quo dictates that a college degree acts a golden ticket to success in today’s workplace. This ideal contrasts from history’s viewpoint. During previous centuries, only up per-class men received education, as classrooms barred their doors to women and the poor. Renaissance men, who dabbled in numerous arts and sciences, gained their fame and glory more from the monetaryRead MoreIs the NFL Combine Necessary?806 Words   |  3 Pages There is a considerable amount of controversy within the NFL whether or not the NFL combine is necessary for future athletes coming out of college to perform in or not. This competition between athletes does not predict their professional future on a large scale. It only gives NFL teams, scouts an inside look on certain athletes that may enhance their team. After the combine is finished, it is never looked at again by the player’s team scouts. The original use of the combine is to obtain

Macbeth Human Nature Essay - 1134 Words

Shakespeare may be dead, but his ideas about human nature are timeless, and still very much alive today. Two of the richest ideas explored by Shakespeare in his play Macbeth revolve around the differing versions of reality and the pursuit of ambition through manipulation. These ideas are examined though the purposeful characterisation of the witches, King Duncan and Lady Macbeth. These themes are also highlighted in contemporary texts such as Mark Waters Mean Girls, Are you living an Insta lie? and Cameron Russel’s TED Talk Looks Aren’t Everything, which demonstrates that when it comes to the ability to manipulate and then substantiate actions through developing a version of the truth, it is done to best suit the individual’s purpose. As†¦show more content†¦However he turned out to be a traitor to which Duncan surmises, you cannot trust appearances. The reality portrayed by the former Thane to Duncan was different to his true nature. It is these contras ting versions of reality that ultimately leads to both Duncan’s and Macbeth’s demise. Similarly, the idea of an artificially constructed version of reality is also evident in the context of our time through social media. The YouTube video â€Å"Are you living an Insta lie?† explores how Instagram users post a different â€Å"version of reality†. Viewers on Instagram interpret the posts literally, without imagining what effort was made to edit the photo, providing only one version of reality. For example, the image of the girl laying on her bed with the quote â€Å"#woke up like this†, when taken literally, shows she woke up looking fresh and perfect. However, the video shows us that she washes her face, brushes her hair and applies make up, clearly revealing one message to the audience that is very different to her reality. The TED Talk ‘Looks aren’t everything, believe me, I’m a model’ by Cameron Russel also exposes the different versions of reality manipulated in the modelling industry. The juxtaposition of the image of the attractive young women posing in her bikini and Cameron’s explanation â€Å"this is the first time I ever wore a bikini, I was only a young girl further highlights the constructed reality we live in, in contemporary society. Through theShow MoreRelatedDefining Manhood Through Gender Stereotypes1183 Words   |  5 PagesStereotypes in Macbeth In The Tragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare attempts to define manhood and explore the different perceptions held towards what it means to be a man. As William Liston notes in his essay, â€Å"Man appears more than 40 times, almost always with a conscious sense of defining the term—or rather, of defining a person by the term† (232). Lady Macbeth is used as a tool to not only convey this theme, but she instigates the plot as well. Without her consistent scorn and ridicule of Macbeth and hisRead MoreSexual Frustration as the Root of Evil Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagespeople develop neuroses as a result of frustration. Freud’s essays on this topic postulate that sexual repression may result in aggressive behavior. These two elements emerge in the characters in Macbeth. In Freud’s book, Civilization and its discontents, he takes the premise even farther by correlating severe sexual frustration with the onset of psychoses. In regard to Macbeth, I believe that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth portray this spiral into psychosis as a result of theirRead More Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - Purpose of the Witches940 Words   |  4 PagesThe Purpose of the Witches in Macbeth  Ã‚      One purpose for having the witches in Shakespeares play,   Macbeth, is to make a comparison between Macbeths conscious world and Macbeths unconscious, dream world. In this essay, I will touch upon Sigmund Freuds theories of dreams and the unconscious, and consider the nature of the witches and their relationship with Macbeth. I will also explore the relationship between witches and society, and conclude the essay by considering other roles of theRead MoreMacbeth essay conflicts772 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth Essay The notorious Shakespearean play Macbeth illustrates a natural evil and greed for power present in the human race. Even in modern times, society relates to Macbeth as people are consistently striving for a higher rank and power. Sometimes, people are even prepared to get into difficult situations to achieve their goals, and this gives rise to conflicts. There are three main types of conflict present in the Macbeth play: man vs man, man vs nature, and man vs self. The most prominentRead MoreMacbeth English Ib-Hl Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesENGLISH HL SHAKESPEARE- MACBETH ESSAY It is human nature to be intrigued by all things mystical and dangerous. We fear the unknown but seek it nonetheless out of greed. Most of Shakespeare’s works hold an element of the supernatural and the play Macbeth is no exception. In this play we see a contemporary morality that warns of the dangers of trafficking with instruments of darkness; the witches in the play prophesize of Macbeths future as king, and Macbeth blinded by his hunger for power failsRead MoreExplore the Link Between Ambition and Evil in Lord of the Flies and Macbeth976 Words   |  4 PagesIn Golding’s’ wartime novel, human nature is put under the microscope by a Misanthropist, dead set on exposing Humanity for what it holds; Innate evil. Evil in what way you ask? In ambition. For in our world, Shakespeare’s, and Golding’s, Ambition truly is the source of all evil. In Macbeth, Shakespeare does well to disguise ambition as the true source of villainy, behind the faà §ade that is Lady Macbeth and the witches. Without ambition, there would never be any action, no good, no evil, would EveRead MoreAllegorical Elements In Macbeth Essay761 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of allegorical devices within Macbeth can also be used as a way of discussing internal political and ethical perspectives. Shakespeare condemns equivocation within the narrative, â€Å"Faith here’s an equivocator that could swear in both the scales against either scale who committed treason enough for Gods sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven† . This is probably in reference to the Jesuit, Henry Garnet a man who was tried and executed for his role in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Garnet publishedRead MoreMacbeth by William Shakespeare1293 Words   |  5 PagesThe play, â€Å"Macbeth† is one of William Shakespeare’s tragic plays written approximately in 1606. The play centres on Macbeth who is a general in King Duncan’s army. Upon returning from a successfu l battle, Macbeth is confronted by three witches who claim they know the future. The three witches tell Macbeth that he will be the future King. The events that occur after this encounter between Macbeth and the witches are what makes this play a tragedy. This essay will focus on the treatment of gender inRead More Destructive Ambition in Shakespeares Macbeth Essays1671 Words   |  7 PagesDestructive Ambition in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeares tragic play Macbeth presents the fizzled drive of an ambitious husband and wife. This essay is the story of their destructive ambition.    Fanny Kemble in Lady Macbeth refers to the ambition of Lady Macbeth:      [. . .] to have seen Banquos ghost at the banqueting table ... and persisted in her fierce mocking of her husbands terror would have been impossible to human nature. The hypothesis makes Lady Macbeth a monster, andRead MoreThe Struggle between Good and Evil; in Macbeth Essay1022 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is without a doubt a play about evil. The play revolves around the bad and wicked qualities in human nature, but Shakespeare also contrasts this evil with the power of good. In this essay I will explore the ways in which Shakespeare contrasted good and evil in Macbeth. These contradictions start in the very beginning of the play, with the witches. In line 12, the witches say, â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair.† This is interesting as they are suggesting good and evil as being one. The witches’