Monday, August 24, 2020

World War II Essay Example for Free

World War II Essay II (WWII), 120,000 Japanese Americans, US residents or not, were constrained out of the west coast after the assault of Pearl Harbor. President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Executive Order 9066 which permitted neighborhood military authorities to set up rejection zones from which any or all people might be prohibited. Americans of Japanese plunge were coercively interned in various camps in the US. The military felt this was an essential activity to forestall any surveillance and expert Japanese activities in the west coast. Notwithstanding the mass departure, various Japanese Americans served in the military powers. Actually, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) is the most exceptionally finished unit in US military history. Asian segregation The victimization the Asians in the United States began even route before the imprisonment of Japanese Americans in WWII. In the late 1900s, laws were passed that expressly precluded Japanese to become residents of the US. They couldn't have a place that is known for their own and were not permitted to wed outside their race. They could just purchase homes in specific regions and were denied to work in specific ventures. The Immigration Act of 1924 expressed that outsiders who were ineligible for citizenship would not be permitted to move to the United States. At the point when Japan had been setting up its provincial guideline in the twentieth century, updates on mercilessness of Japan came into the US. Specifically, Japans colonization of China was broadly censured by the US government. Thus, restrictions on oil and supplies were set on Japan. The Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 further reinforced the counter Japanese assessment of the Americans particularly when observer reports of viciousness arrived at the nation. The counter Japanese supposition arrived at its pinnacle when the shocking assault on Pearl Harbor unfolded on December 7, 1941. This affected the United States to take up arms against the Japanese Empire. This outrage was further fuelled by how Japanese rewarded American and other western detainees of war, the Bataan Death March, and the Kamikaze assaults on American boats. Internment Executive Order 9066 Starting 1939, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had been accumulating data on conspicuous individuals from the Japanese people group. These information in the Custodial Detention Index (CDI) were utilized to group the people as indicated by their conceivable threat to the nation. A couple of hours after the Pearl Harbor assault, the Attorney General, given a presidential cover authority, declared that the FBI, utilizing the data in the CDI, would keep perilous foe outsiders who may place the security of the country in danger. Some accepted that Japan would dispatch an assault on the west coast. Numerous authorities questioned the devotion of the Japanese living around there, their decisions for the most part dependent on racial predisposition. They likewise dreaded a potential altering of water framework or fire related crime. The doubt to the ethnic Japanese was progressively fortified by the way that a considerable lot of them were taught in Japan, where schools underlined veneration for the Emperor. This planted doubt of surveillance by the Japanese Americans. On December 30, the Attorney General approved assaults even without search and warrant captures to all places of Japanese genealogy gave that there is in any event one Japanese outsider. General John L. DeWitt, boss of the Western Defense Command, pushed the expulsion of adversary outsiders from zones in the west coast. He demanded that there indicated harm by the Japanese Americans. Albeit different organizations, for example, the FBI, found no proof of such a case, their reports were stifled by high authorities. DeWitts proposal handily advanced toward the War Department who promptly endorsed it. At the point when President Franklin Roosevelt was introduced the request, he promptly marked the request without speaking with the Cabinet. His help of the internment was an extraordinary demonstration of help to the Americans that would be remunerating in the coming political decision. Prohibition, expulsion, and detainment On February 19, 1942, Executive Order 9066 approved the Army to assign military regions from which any individual might be barred. In spite of the fact that there was no unequivocal order to clear the Japanese Americans, the request was completed distinctly to individuals of Japanese family line. The Italians Americans and German Americans, whose nations of starting point were additionally at war with the partners of the United States, didn't encounter a similar destiny as the Japanese Americans. On March 11, the Office of the Alien Property Custodian was given optional authority over outsider property interests. A large number of the benefits were solidified, causing budgetary trouble for the individuals influenced and impeding them from moving out of the avoidance zones. On March 24, Public Proclamation No. 3 authorized a time limit from 8:00 pm to 6:00 am for all adversary outsiders and individuals of Japanese family line inside the military territories. A couple of days after the fact, another decree denied them from leaving Military Area No. 1, which is the whole Pacific coast to around 100 miles inland, until a request permits them to leave. On May 3, Japanese Americans were requested to live in the get together focuses until moved to migration focuses. The unwarranted mass expulsion of the Japanese Americans occurred around 8 months. Japanese Americans lost a large portion of their properties since they were permitted to bring just what they could convey, for example, attire and belongings. Numbered labels were given to them as a methods for their distinguishing proof and their possessions. Occupants of twelve Latin American nations with Japanese lineage were additionally interned to US internment camps. After WWII, the vast majority of the Japanese Latin Americans were not permitted to come back to their nations and rather were expelled to Japan, where they endured hardships as Japan was seriously harmed by the war. Of in excess of a hundred thousand Japanese Americans exposed to the mass expulsion program of the administration, 66% of them were US residents by birth. Cultivating as a reason for hostile to Japanese notions Much of the preference against the Japanese Americans was increased because of the skill of the Japanese in the horticulture business. Being quick individuals, they in the long run had their own homesteads and different organizations. Various flourishing organizations possessed by Japanese Americans were solid rivals in the rural business. The Japanese Americans had created advanced methods for water system that permitted the development of organic products, vegetables, and blossoms on lands that couldn't be utilized for cultivating already. The original Japanese Americans, the Issei, in fact succeeded in the twentieth century, however their destiny turned when they lost their homestead during the internment. This, be that as it may, satisfied the white ranchers as they could assume control over Japanese homesteads. Since the Japanese Americans were expelled from their homesteads, workers were expected to assume control over the terrains of the Japanese. Settlements from the Mexican outskirt began coming to Mexico. Notwithstanding, a great many Nisei, offspring of original Japanese that were US-conceived, were as yet expected to spare the cultivating business so a huge number of them were discharged from camps. In any case, for the Japanese Americans who stayed in camp, they strived to water and develop fruitless grounds in territories close to the internment camps. On account of their difficult work, they had the option to fabricate ranch handles that are as yet beneficial until the present.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Coriolis Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coriolis Effect - Essay Example The principal impact of the Coriolis impact is identified with the sea. It can impact the sea through the communication with different factors, for example, temperature and the physical attributes of the sea bowl. Another significant impact is identified with the surface flows with expansive circulatory examples alluded to as gyres. Fundamentally, the Coriolis impact causes the clockwise development of the gyres in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise development in the Southern Hemisphere. Surface flows however don't cross the equator yet waters in the central locale are influenced by the tropical easterlies or exchange twists hence creating the Equatorial Current. The Coriolis impact at that point makes the development of warm water the post while the cool water flows stream to the tropical district (Gabler and others 2008, p.133). The impact of Coriolis impact is likewise obvious in the air marvels, for example, the breeze flows and other air flows and developments, for ex ample, tornados. Coriolis impact corresponding to the breeze flows can be identified with various factors, for example, the power, the rubbing and weight inclination. One model is the geostrophic wind which goes corresponding to isobars and is influenced by the erosion and weight slope and turns 90 degrees due to Coriolis impact.

Saturday, July 25, 2020

5 Common Encryption Algorithms and the Unbreakables of the Future

5 Common Encryption Algorithms and the Unbreakables of the Future For the past twenty years, the Internet went from an invention to a recognized human right.That fact in and out of itself should speak about the exponential increase of its role in our lives. From being a luxurious technology, through window-to-other-worlds, to an information medium, and finally into a need-to-exist.We constantly find new ways to incorporate technology in every aspect of business, government, and human relationships. It bridges continents, brings people together, helps the environment, popularizes ideas that change the world.Users log on to read the news, learn skills, work, shop, vote, communicate and have fun.The internet houses large amounts of information and traffics a significant portion of it every day. The question of access is becoming crucial.When you live your life online, you need to protect your communication with the network.You probably largely leave your protection up to the creators of your operation system, your app, the default security protocols a nd devices you are using.Here is some news though: not every encryption method is equally reliable. Read the article to learn more about the most popular encryption methods and their relative security.THE IMPORTANCE OF ENCRYPTIONWith using more and more technologies in our lives we are generating large amounts of data, a great share of which is sensitive data. If someone else gets hold of that data you may be at risk of financial fraud or identity theft.Let us draw a parallel with real life.Let us say you are going shopping. You visit the store whenever you want, some of the staff may or may not know your name if you are a regular. You choose your products and proceed to the checkout. No one from the store can get a hold of your money until you draw out your wallet and you hand the cashier your cash. In this situation you are relatively safe.Only if you have a thief in your close vicinity, they may get a hold of your wallet. Stealing your wallet will give them access to your cash wh ich they can use with little consequence.In the digital world, you may visit the online store whenever you want, but if you have shopped there before they probably have your personal information already â€" name, address, and quite possibly your phone number. They have it regardless of whether you are logged in or you are not.If you have saved your credit card with that shop they have your financial information at all times, too (whereas when you shop in a brick and mortar store your wallet will only be at risk while you are there, shopping).Instead of your money being at risk only from people in your immediate vicinity, you are now at risk from any hacker, who has access to the network, and at all times.Encryption changes your information so that it is incomprehensible and therefore unusable to anyone who does not have the key.Let’s say someone tries to steal your personal information, your name, if it was encrypted. It would be the equivalent of going into the store and asking f or your name, but anyone who can give them your name speaks another, unknown language.If they get a hold of your digital wallet it would be the equivalent of acquiring your cash, but your banknotes are in a currency they cannot use unless they go to the exchange bureau that you own, to convert it.HOW ENCRYPTION WORKSEncryption works by manipulating a message via a rule to the point the original message is unrecognizable. The ‘rule’ is the key.Here is a very simple example of encryption:Let’s say you want to encrypt the message ‘Hello’. One rule you can use is substitute each letter with the next letter from the alphabet. Your message will then become ‘Ifmmp’. Because you are adding +1 to the alphabetical sequence, your keyword will be ‘1’. If you were substituting each letter with the letter standing 3 spaces behind it, your message would end up looking like ‘Ebiil’ and your key would be ‘-3’. If you consecutively applied both rules, your key would look lik e this ‘1-3’And while to you that change would be major and you cannot probably decipher that message immediately, when someone has an incentive to break your cypher, and they know anything about cryptography, they can get to your message in a few seconds, just by using pen and paper.What is more, there is software that will try the most popular keys (starting with 1-digit codes) to decipher your message.The point is, the more sensitive the information is, the more complex encryption is required. Especially if revealing the information bears financial risk.5 TOP ENCRYPTION ALGORITHMS(Triple) DESTriple DES or 3DES is the successor to the DES algorithm, or the Data Encryption Standard.DES is an obsolete symmetric-key method of data encryption. It was phased out because of its over-exploited vulnerabilities.Originally, DES used to be a very popular encryption method. It is a creation of the engineers in IBM, from back in 1970. In 1977 it was adopted by the government of the USA as an encryption standard â€" the Federal Information Encryption Standard. DES was used for protecting unclassified but sensitive data.It was the first algorithm approved by the federal government for public disclosure. It gained popularity fast among businesses dealing with confidential information â€" financial institutions, telecommunication companies, other software and Internet providers, etc.DES encrypts data by grouping it into blocks and encoding them simultaneously by applying the key to the entire block â€" instead of bit by bit. The blocks are always 64-bit.The key could be applied to all blocks simultaneously or another model could be used where the encryption of one block is made dependent on the result of the previous one.In DES, the same key is used to encipher and decipher the message. Decoding is nothing more than applying the same steps in reverse direction and reverse order.What is more, the key options are limited. The keys are always 64-bit, however, 8 parts of the key will be limited in variation in order to be used for key validation, which makes it an equivalent of a 56-bit key. Which means, the choice of encryptions keys is limited and therefore all information, encrypted via DES is prone to brute force attacks.Because of this serious flaw, scientists had concerns about DES being adopted as the standard even in the 1970’s. However, it remained a very popular encryption method until the late 1990’s.The progress in technology, and more specifically in processing power made it possible for a DES-encrypted message to be brute force hacked in less than 24 hours.It is important to state that some systems still rely on DES encryption only, and using those systems is to be avoided.3DES is one of the successors of DES, and the one which to the greatest extent preserves its original functionality. It was first made public in 1998 and is a simple variation of DES, where each block is encrypted via DES three times each. Triple DES uses three inde pendent keys, with three separate 56-bit DES keys, or a total of 168 bits. Because of the consecutive encryption, there is a meet-in-the-middle vulnerability, which decreases the protection to the equivalent to a 112-bit key.With its more complex way of working, the 3DES encryption method is slower.Still, the effectiveness of 3DES is considered to give enough security that it is approved to be used up until 2030.Triple DES is used for online payments, by apps in the Microsoft Office package, as well as by Mozilla’s Firefox and Thunderbird.RSAThe algorithm is named after its designers. In the 1970’s Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman: Rivest-Shamir-Adleman came up with the encryption method while working for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.In contrast to DES, RSA is asymmetric, which means the system is not using the same key for decryption and encryption. The algorithm works via generating a public and a private key. The public and private key are not identica l, but are linked to each other.There is no difference which key is used for encryption and which is used for decryption. Both the private and the public key can be used to encode the message and the opposite key will have to be applied to decode it.In fact, the difference is elsewhere: the public key, as its name suggests, can be introduced to the public, while the private key is the ‘secret‘.The high level of security RSA provides is ensured by the difficulty of factoring long strings, the product of factoring two large prime numbers.Both the private and the public keys are generated via multiplying two large numbers, creating a modulus. The modulus is used by both the public and the private key. The public key is created via the modulus, adding a public exponent, usually 65537. And the private key is created by the modulus, and a private exponent.The computational difficulty of large integers makes RSA significantly safer than DES. As explained earlier, DES works with keys, e quivalent to 56-bit, 3DES works with keys, equivalent to 112-bit, and RSA works with keys that are 1024- or 2048-bits long. Still, experts think 1024-bit keys are relatively vulnerable. The government and the IT industry recommend using 2048-bit keys only.RSA is used for SSH authentication, for SSL encryption, and for protecting sensitive data in various browsers.BlowfishBlowfish is considered an alternative to the DES and RSA encryption methods. It was designed back in 1993 by Bruce Schneier as a general-purpose algorithm, with that exact intend. The security of the cipher has been tested and proven in time.Like DES, the technology of Blowfish is symmetric, which means one private key (or just key) is used to encrypt an entire block of data. The size of the blocks is 64-bit, and he length of the key may vary from a 32-bits to a 448-bit key. A full encryption has never been broken.With the ability to use shorter keys, the Blowfish method is an alternative that is considerably faster than its two competitors. The exception is changing keys. Each change of the key requires a pre-processing, taking resources equivalent to encrypting 4KB of text.Blowfish is not patented. Its flexibility, speed and security gives it a competitive edge against its alternatives. It is can be used and explored free of charge. Therefore it is highly popular in cryptographic software.TwofishTwofish is a successor of another favorite encryption method â€" Blowfish. It is a brain-child of the same designer, Bruce Schneier, and it is another candidate to replace the Data Encryption Standard.Twofish, like its predecessor Blowfish, uses block cyphering. It symmetric, which again means the same key is used for enciphering and deciphering.   Twofish divides the message that needs encryption into 128-bit blocks and applies the key simultaneously to all blocks. The size of the block is yet another difference with Blowfish.Unlike its predecessor, Twofish only uses keys for the encryption of data of up to 256-bit. Each block’s encryption put into a complex relation to the result of the encryption of the previous block.‘The algorithm might look haphazard, but we did everything for a reason’. â€" says Bruce Schneier, the co-founder ‘Nothing is in Twofish by chance. Anything in the algorithm that we couldnt justify, we removed. The result is a lean, mean algorithm that is strong and conceptually simple.’Encoding with Twofish is popular for software and devices that have relatively low processing resources at their disposal, such as SIM cards.Brute-forcing a Twofish encrypted message is considered to be unreasonable and impractical. Meaning the efforts, resources and time the hacker would have to allocate would not be worth the end result.Twofish is considered to be fast, flexible, and at the same time, to have a conservative design.Just like Blowfish, the encryption method has not been patented and is free to use.AESThe Advanced Encryption Standard was originally nam ed Rijndael. It was designed by the Belgian cryptographers Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen back in 1998 and it is named after them.In 1997, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) opened a contest for cryptographers to come up with algorithms to substitute the so-far popular standard (DES) because of the increasing concerns of the level of protection it guarantees, with the raising level of processing power and its vulnerability from brute-force attacks due to the limited choice of encryption keys.NIST elected Rijndael as the new standard. It was declassified and was deemed ‘capable of protecting sensitive government information well into the next century’.It became popular for its easy implementation in hardware, as well as restricted environments.AES is yet another symmetric encryption algorithm. NIST’s requirements for the contest contributed to several specifics of AES. For example:Each contestant was supposed to be able to accept keys sized at 128, 192, a nd 256 bits.The algorithm was supposed to be open for public analysis and commentsIt was pre-tested for withstanding attacks. Each competitor was scored against the competition, with the security score having the heaviest weight for winning the contest.High computational and memory efficiency â€" if the algorithm was to be released as the standard it was supposed to come at low cost.Flexibility, easy implementation and simplicity.Rijndael was elected the winner and was suggested in 2000 to become the new federal government standard. Since 2002 Rijndael, Advanced Encryption Standard, became the new standard.AES is considered to be more effective than its predecessors, DES and 3DES, using a more complex algorithm and a longer key. The decryption works faster, which makes it a better alternative for a cypher in routers, firewalls, security protocols and in general any applications that use encryption.AES is similar to Twofish in the sense it is symmetric and it works with 128-bit block s. Each cypher â€" the AES-128, -192, and -256 uses respectively 128-, 192-, and 256-bit keys. Originally Rijndael could work with different block sizes and key sizes, but this flexibility was not included when it was introduced as the standard.AES works with enciphering rounds. Each round is a sequence of a number of processing steps, which could be a combination of  substitution, transposition and creating relationships between the input plaintext and output.The number of applicable rounds vary with 10 rounds applied with 128-bit keys, 12 rounds for 192-bit keys and 14 rounds for 256-bit keys.The AES encryption cipher is using table-based substitution of data by rows and columns. The substitution rule is dictated by different part of the encryption key.Ever since its recognition as the new standard, the AES has been explored for its vulnerabilities. Brute-force attacks and new techniques have been employed to discover new ways to attack the algorithm. Some attacks have been succe ssful against the more simple versions of Rijndael â€" shorter keys, fewer rounds.AES is widely accepted to be a reliable and practical. IDEA is a newer version of a previously used cipher the Proposed Encryption Standard (PES).Watch this fun video to learn more about the evolution of cryptography from simple substitution to the future of encryption quantum cryptography: HONORABLE MENTIONSIDEAThe International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) was created by Xuejia Lai and James Massey and is another symmetric encryption algorithm, first described in 1991.It uses 64-bit blocks and 128-bit keys. Like AES, IDEA uses rounds of encryption. Unlike AES, IDEA also adopts a methodology called half-rounds. Each round uses 6 16-bit sub-keys. Each of the half-rounds uses 4 sub-keys. The first 8 sub-keys are directly extracted from the encryption key, while the other 8 are created based on rotation.Because of the essence of IDEA’s schedule, it naturally generates a certain amounts if zero-ri ch keys which lead to randomly weak encryption. Those are reasonably rare, which, in practice leave the algorithm pretty safe. The probability of generating a weak key is considered to be negligibly low.Bruce Schneier, the founder of Blowfish and Twofish agrees:‘In my opinion, it is the best and most secure block algorithm available to the public at this time.’Unlike most of our 5 winners, the IDEA algorithm has been patented and has only been available for free for non-commercial rules.SHA 1Secure Hash Algorithm 1 was created in 1995 but has never been implied as a standard because its vulnerabilities became well known as early as 10 years after its creation.The NIST, the same organization that applied AES as the standard, banned using SHA 1 by federal agencies back in 2010, and no digital signature agency can use the algorithm since 2016.As far back as 2012, researchers in cryptography have taken into account the raising level and decreasing price of processing power and estim ated that one practical attack against the algorithm could cost the hackers as little as $700 thousand simply using commercial cloud computing services in 2015 and $173 thousand in 2017 which makes the attack reasonably affordable. If the incentive holds a greater potential gain than, say, $200 thousand, one could argue it is worth the effort.As Computerworld reports,’ …despite these efforts to phase out the use of SHA-1 in some areas, the algorithm is still fairly widely used to validate credit card transactions, electronic documents, email PGP/GPG signatures, open-source software repositories, backups and software updates.’CONCLUSIONAccording to the Ponemon Institute and a study, including a survey, funded by IBM, stolen data has cost the companies an average of $3.5 million in 2014, which is a 15% increase from the previous 2013.The institute recommends implementing preventative measures and to be ready for incident response and crisis management.Most often, the source of t he damage would be an insider or a malicious attack. Malicious code and sustained probes are also becoming a popular concern because of the increased number of those threats.‘Companies estimate that they will be dealing with an average of 17 malicious codes each month and 12 sustained probes each month. Unauthorized access incidents have mainly stayed the same and companies estimate they will be dealing with an average of 10 such incidents each month.’When the respondents of the survey were asked about the amount of investment they are pouring into security, the response was it costs an average of $7 million a year, even though the companies would like to increase it to $14 million a year to experience more confidence in fulfilling their strategies and mechanisms.Complex encryption is a relatively easy way to bring down the cost and minimize the damages of data breaches.

Friday, May 22, 2020

Decision Making For A Successful Business - 1663 Words

Abstract Problem solving and decision-making are important skills for running a successful business. Management often utilizes problem-solving which often involves decision-making. These processes and techniques improve decision-making and the quality of decisions. Decision-making might come natural to some leaders, however, others should focus more on improving the quality of their decisions. Effective and successful decisions produce profitable businesses and unsuccessful businesses suffer losses. Corporate decision making process is the most critical process in any organization. Making decisions within the organization can easily leading to making the wrong decision. Simon (1977) decision making process includes four phases: intelligence, design, choice, and implementation. Decision-making process includes intelligence, design, choice, and implementation. The implementation phase includes alternatives decision makers consider goals to analysis issues. Decision-making process inc ludes intelligence, design, choice, and implementation. The problem is identified and an individual or group takes ownership in the intelligence phase. Criteria for selection are agreed upon while results are generated in the design phase. Searching for the best solution is available in the choice phase. The implementation phase includes alternatives decision makers consider goals to analysis issues. Decisions need to be made. Challenging decisions require additional consideration. AShow MoreRelatedDecision Making Is A Fundamental Component For Any Successful Business958 Words   |  4 PagesDecision-making is a fundamental component to any successful business. I chose the topic â€Å"Managerial Decision Making† because informed decisions are critical in order for managers to drive a profitable and sustainable business. Many business analysts measure an organization’s performance on their level of attained profit. The profits companies produce based on their business arrangements and profitable business deals, permit them to allocate benchmarks within the company to set financial goals forRead MoreEssay on Business Decision Making794 Words   |  4 Pagescritically and making decisions are important parts of today’s business environment. It is important to understand how the decision making process works and the steps involved. The nine steps of the decision making process are: identifying the problem, defining criteria, setting goals and objectives, evaluating the effect of the problem, identifying the causes of the problem, framing alternatives, evaluating impacts of the alternatives, making the decision, implementing the decision, and measuringRead MoreEssay on Keys to a Successful Organization1205 Words   |  5 Pagescomponents to any successful organization. These two components are strong leadership and effective management. 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Friday, May 8, 2020

The Death Penalty Is Justified - 932 Words

Imagine receiving an unexpected call from the police, saying a loved one has been murdered. Every sixty seconds, someone’s life is taken from them by horrendous crime. Families and relatives are devastated. They are forced to sit through hours of police investigation and multiple court cases. Some families are allowed closure by convicting the alleged victim. Other families are not so lucky. Some are forced to forever wonder who the victim’s killer is and why they took that person from them. These and many other questions go unanswered, but they do not have too. The punishment for a convicted murderer is most likely life in prison without the possibility of parole, but in other states, the death penalty is enforced. While this might seem unethical to some, one must take into consideration the long term effects the victim’s family will endure. Losing a loved one by homicide can create traumatic effects. While some individuals are able to at accepting death better than others, the tragic and emotional strain of losing a loved one can lead to other harmful effects. Many times coping with the death of someone close can lead to alcohol addictions, severe depression, post-traumatic stress, anxiety disorders, and can also lead to suicide. In some cases of homicide, the murdered victims not only leave behind family and friends, but children as well. To these children, they have not just lost a father or mother, but a role model, a best friend, and a piece of them as well. WhileShow MoreRelatedIs the Death Penalty Justified?1824 Words   |  8 PagesIs the Death Penalty Justified? Jessica Valentine PHI 103 Informal Logic Professor Stephen Carter March 20, 2012 Is the Death Penalty Justified? The death penalty will always be a topic some people refuse to talk about. When in fact, it is a very serious topic and people should know how and why the death penalty is not justified. I believe the death penalty is not justified in the least bit because there are people sitting up in prison just living life because the state does not want toRead MoreIs Death Penalty Justified?995 Words   |  4 Pages995 Is Death Penalty Justified? Death penalty is the capital punishment given to the person where a person is put to death who has done crime or involved in a crime. It is for those people who is doing the crime intentionally. It is given by the government to the traitors, murderer and so on. The sentence is vindicated by the type of offense committed. There are certain conditions where a death penalty can be correct and should be consider Justified by the government. The death penalty guaranteesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1534 Words   |  7 Pagesit is ethical to kill a convicted criminal. People who oppose the death penalty often argue mistaken identity and wrongful conviction. They argue that long-term imprisonment is the better course of action, because it allows for the possibility that if a mistake was made in the conviction of a suspect, they would be able to correct it without ending the life of an innocent person. They also state that the threat of the death penalty is not a deterrent and people will commit crimes regardless, as oftenRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1346 Words   |  6 Pagespast and recent years, the death penalty has remained a huge debate between individuals that agree or disagree whether the death penalty is justifiable punishment or not. Is capital punishment truly a justified and powerful approach to the violations of specific prisoners? Many individuals believe that having the death penalty is cruel and inhumane. Others believe that people who commit such heinous crimes should be punished with the death penalty. Instilling the death penalty is the same as saying â€Å"eyeRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1828 Words   |  8 PagesThe Death Penalty Daniel Heydari Professor Sheldon Philosophy 262-0 12 October 2015 1.) The author of this letter, submitted to the New York Times, claims that the death penalty is wholly and morally justified, seeing as its existence results in the lessening of violent deaths and gun use due to the perpetrator’s fear of killing a person in haste and thus being given the death penalty. 2.) The author argues his claim of the death penalty being justified as a means of punishment for violent crimesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified923 Words   |  4 Pagespilots who also had to bomb innocents to win the war,† (Gorman). More recently, a common trend has been the disapproval of the death penalty, exhibited by the thirteen percent drop in the number of people on death row since Spring of 2005 (Death Penalty Info. Center). Life without parole has become the preferred sentence of unavoidable capital punishment. The death penalty has frequently been viewed as inhumane. However, isn’t lack of remorse for such vile acts inhumane? In cases of intentional murderRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1143 Words   |  5 PagesAllison Shu 2/25/16 Period 2 Objective paper on the death penalty Capital punishment is legally authorized killing as punishment for a crime. The death penalty questions the morality of killing a person as justification for their crime. It also brings to question whether the death penalty actually serves as a deterrent for crime, and that some of the people executed are found innocent afterwards. The debates over the constitutionality of the death penalty and whether capital punishment should be usedRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified995 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death penalty has been a controversial topic for many years and recently the debate about it has been getting bigger and bigger to where at some point soon a decision will have to be made. Many people will disagree with the death penalty because it goes against their moral beliefs, this is thought process is seen more in the northern states. However, here in the south the death penalty is strongly believed in by most, but who is put to death and why? Did they deserve this sentence or were theyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1603 Words   |  7 PagesTHE DEATH PENALTY Many nations have criminals to punish, but what’s changing is how they punish their criminals. Most countries, even some states, have come to the realization that the death penalty is an unfair, inhumane, unconstitutional, and irreversible punishment that’s much too severe and is an unfit punishment for a fair and just society. Internationally, the U.S. ranks fifth in terms of the number of prisoners put to death, putting America in such ill-esteemed company as the regimesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified858 Words   |  4 PagesSince the foundation of our nation the Death Penalty has been a way to punish prisoners that have committed heinous crimes, however since the turn of the 20th century the practice of Capital Punishment has been questioned on its usage in America and the world as a whole. The Death Penalty is used in America to punish criminals who have committed murders, or taken the life of an innocent person, and while the death penalty seems like it is doing justice to those who have killed others it is actually

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Summary and Critique of George F. Will’s View on Inaugural Addresses Free Essays

Wade Vierheller Professor Combs English 300 27 September 2012 ‘Let Us’†¦? No, Give it a Rest Summary and Critique George F. Will is a Pulitzer-Prize writer and an editor for Newsweek. He is well-known for his strong conservative political commentary. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary and Critique of George F. Will’s View on Inaugural Addresses or any similar topic only for you Order Now He discusses the history of Inaugural Addresses and how they reflect the way the country has changed throughout the years. He points out a number of differences such as sentence structure, tone, and topics. For example, he cites the numbering of words. He mentions George Washington’s second sentence of his address, which was 87 words. On the one hand, I was summoned by my country, whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining years–a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time. Back then, the culture was much different, as most people learned to read were through difficult literature such as Pilgrim’s Progress and the King James Bible. Herbert Stein, â€Å"who for 60 years was an economist and connoisseur of American’s political culture,† discovered that the average number of words per sentence for Inaugural Addresses has steadily decreased: â€Å"from Washington through Buchanan the average number of words per sentence was 44; from Lincoln through Wilson, 34; since Wilson, 25. † Will believes that â€Å"the general shortening of sentences reflects, in part, a change in nature of Inaugural Addresses. He refers to Teddy Roosevelt who called the presidency â€Å"a bully pulpit. † Later addresses have had an incentive to tell Americans how to behave with phrases such as â€Å"The only thing we have to fear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Ask not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A more popular phrase which was used by Kennedy and Nixon was â€Å"Let us†¦,† which according to Will means, â€Å"For Pete’s sake, pull up your socks and shape up. † The content of the Inaugural Addresses has also changed. George Washington had to be much more modest, speaking about his personal problems and as much as he would like to rest, his country was calling him. In the beginning with Washington, the issue was that he would be able to turn the presidency into another monarchy. Around the time of Cleveland and Garfield, a major issue was polygamy. During the time of Monroe, the issue was coastal fortifications. As of today, these are no longer on the list of major issues. This progression shows how the country has grown over the many years. Though Will is happy that we do not have to talk about the issues of the past anymore, he does not like the shortening of sentences and how Presidents have become more like preachers. He shows appreciation of Washington’s modesty despite the amount of praise he was showered with, but understands how there were different problems during that time. Most of what Will says is backed up with some strong points, using factual information from past people such as Cleveland, Garfield, and Teddy Roosevelt. This greatly backs up his claims, making them hard to argue against. He makes strong arguments that clearly show how there has been quite a change throughout the history of the Inaugural Addresses. A significant point he brings up is the decrease in the word count per sentence over the years. It’s true there has been a major change in literature over the years. Personally, I had some trouble keeping up with the incredibly long sentence made by George Washington. It’s interesting how he partly blames it for the â€Å"change in the nature of Inaugural Addresses. † I’m not sure if I see much connection between the two. Also, though shorter sentences shows our reading mental muscles are weaker than our ancestors’, but this does not seem to have any major negative effect on society, unless Will’s statement about the changing in Inaugural Addresses in coordination with shortening of sentences is true. This leads us to another point about the context of Inaugural Addresses. Looking at the parts of Washington’s address or Lincoln’s address (â€Å"Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this might scourge of war may speedily pass away†¦ With malice toward none, with charity for all†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), they show hope and love in their speeches. When looking at later ones, they’ve become much more preach-y. For Will, this does not seem to be a good adjustment, and I have to agree with him here. At least in the beginning, it’s never been the President’s job to tell us how to behave. It is true that he is our leader, but his part in leading the country is taking care of political matters such as federal law and diplomatic troubles. Another very interesting matter he brings up is the drastic change in subject matter from speech to speech. With Washington, it was the fear of monarchy. For Monroe, it was coastal fortifications. For Lincoln, it was slavery. For Garfield and Cleveland, it was polygamy. Throughout the years, the severity of the nation’s problems has declined. It’s really something to be proud about. It shows that despite the other reasons Will has pointed out, this country has grown for the better. We’ll always have problems and we’ll keep working to solve them. This gives us drive and displays our strength and motivation. In his article, Will has done a good job of backing up his opinions with strong factual information. While I do not completely agree with him, I’m able to understand and respect his views. Really the only problem I have with the paper is the assumption on how the shortening of sentences â€Å"reflects†¦ a change in the nature of Inaugural Addresses,† because I can’t understand how that exactly works. Works Cited Will, George F. â€Å"‘Let Us’†¦? No, Give it a Rest. † Newsweek 22 Jan. 2001: 64. Print. . How to cite Summary and Critique of George F. Will’s View on Inaugural Addresses, Papers

Monday, April 27, 2020

Social Entrepreneurship and Social Change

Table of Contents Background Social change in entrepreneurship The positive externalities theory Explanation of the positive externalities theory Criticisms of the positive externalities theory Conclusion References Background In the current world, increasing pressure from problems that arise due to daily changes in the business sector is driving businesses towards finding alternatives to abate the problem. In fact, businesses are drifting further away from the old forms of thinking and incorporating sustainability programmes to create new market (Elkington, Schwab, Hartigan, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The changes witnessed in the current business world and the crazy search for new markets is driving entrepreneurship to have a new shift in leadership and management. Social entrepreneurship is like a hybrid that combines bo th commercial entrepreneurship and social aspects in an organization. Social change in entrepreneurship Failing governments and the lack of economic enterpreurship has driven the need for social entrepreneurship to rise (Wei-Skillern, Austin, Leonard, 2007). Social enterpreurship is a form of enterpreurship that incorporates facets of both economic and social aspects in a business idea (Martin Osberg, 2007). It is a venture that brings into account the activities that impact positively in a society bringing about social change. This shift in business paradigm occurred due to the existing suffocation of markets and the need for new markets. The urgency of these new markets has been brought about by the increasing competition faced by businesses. Although social entrepreneurship starts as a small venture or limited effort, it marks troubles with the local output but makes global significance. This includes provision of water, promoting micro-businesses, waste managing and the preser vation of the environment. For example, the escalating growth of micro-industries in the world is due to social entrepreneurship (Zahra et al., 2008). The development of such ventures and their success has turned them to the spotlight and they have received scholarly attention. This scholarly attention has led to the need to formulate theories that explain this phenomenon (Kuhn, 1962). The idea of social enterpreurship offers a platform for alleviating world poverty through promoting social good (Yunus, 2007) The positive externalities theory It is important that any theory that tries to define the concept of social entrepreneurship should address the issues of value creation and value appropriation (Mizik Jacob, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theory of positive externalities best explains the shift towards social enterpreurship. It is apparent that economic entrepr eneurship cannot exist in a vacuum. This theory suggests that economic enterpreurship is not valid in areas where there are strong positive externalities. Basically, the assertion is that the potentiality for value creation is not marched by the potential for value appropriation because the ensuing benefits to the society go much above the benefits accrued to the transacting parties. It is also observed that consumers are likely to reward businesses with positive externalities by consuming more of their goods. Further, it is perceived that government initiatives and economic entrepreneurship benefits those people with powerful access to resources neglecting the powerless societies. In this theory, powerless society benefits from social entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurs benefit from the powerless society by establishing markets that ensure sustainability. Although this venture brings forth an implication in the theory, it is not contrary to the definition of the terminology (Cam pbell Temple University, 2008). Explanation of the positive externalities theory The theory points that the externality notion cannot be clearly depicted by market operation or market price structure which leads to incompetent distribution of wealth, social remuneration, personal expenditure and communal expenses (Ying Guoli, 1997). Characteristics of positive externality hypothesis include transferring via other way and not through the price system, non-exclusive and inseparable part as a characteristic of end user, bringing other utilities expenses to decrease and the alleviation of costs to the beneficiary. The positive externality theory assumes that the allocation of social entrepreneurship is largely for the benefit of the society and not targeted towards the profit analysis. Therefore, the social enterpreurship system distributes benefits and costs based not on the market system of analyzing where profits can be maximized, but by targeting the neglected areas of the society .Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social entrepreneurship also targets areas where economic entrepreneurship has failed to venture, a characteristic that is not exclusive of any player in the society. It aims at creating societal value and not economic value. Social enterpreurship alleviates the standards of the economic as well as social conditions of a neglected or powerless society. In this quest, it aims at reducing the costs of certain provisions that would have been so costly if provided by the economic entrepreneurs. The positive externality theory aims to balance between value creation and value addition in cases where it ventures (Ellwanger, 1997). Criticisms of the positive externalities theory Social enterpreurship is an innovative change that is gripping the business world daily. It is apparent that what the social entrepreneu rs strive to achieve is becoming more complex and the desire to augment the costs incurred in creating social value is rising day by day. The costs also involved in the set up of the social entrepreneurship activities are proving hard to meet by the entrepreneurs thereby distorting the credibility of the theory. Furthermore, as inflation rises, due expenditures in these endeavors are becoming increasingly complex and are therefore neglected to be attended to by the government (Wei-Skillern, Austin, Leonard, 2007). This leaves a lot of unfilled gaps in the tenacity of the theory. Conclusion The idea of social entrepreneurship taking shape and being embraced by the business world requires a thorough consideration and thought before being implemented. It takes a different mindset from the one embraced by economic entrepreneurs in their profit maximization. Social entrepreneurship on the other hand aims at creating social value. In the wake of inflation and increased costs, social entr epreneurs need to have a re-consideration of the theories they use.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Campbell, K. A. Temple University. (2008). Towards a general theory of entrepreneurship. London, UK: ProQuest. Elkington, J., Schwab, K. Hartigan, P. (2008). Power of Unreasonable People: How Social Entrepreneurs Create Markets that Change the World. New York, NY: Harvard Business Review Press. Ellwanger, G. (1997). The externality effects of transport, rail international. New York, NY: MacMillan Publishers. Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: Chicago University press. Martin, R. L. Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, pp.28-39. Mizik, N. Jacobson, R. (2003). Trading off between Value Creation and Value Appropriation: The Financial Implications of Shifts in Strategic Emphasis. Journal of Marketing, 67, pp. 63-67. Wei-Skillern, J., Austin, J. E., Leonard, H. (2007). Entrepreneurship in the Social Sector. London, UK: Sage Publications. Ying, Y. Guoli, O. (1997). St udy on the development strategy of urban rail transit based on externality. New York, NY: MacMillan Publishers. Yunus, M. (2007). Creating a world without poverty: Social business and the future of capitalism. New York: Public Affairs. Zahra, S. A. Rawhouser, H. N., Bhawe, N., Neubaum, D. O. Hayton, J. C. (2008). Globalization of social entrepreneurship Opportunities. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2 (2), pp.117-131. This essay on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Change was written and submitted by user Derrick Price to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Americans Should Not Use Credit Cards Essay Essay Example

Americans Should Not Use Credit Cards Essay Essay Example Americans Should Not Use Credit Cards Essay Essay Americans Should Not Use Credit Cards Essay Essay Americans Should Not Use Credit Cards Com/156 Date: 08/31/2011 Instructor: Dierdre McKee Americans Should Not Use Credit Cards Why Americans should not use credit cards, throughout the United States,  credit cards  have become one of the most popular forms of payment in everyday shopping whether consumers are making a routine trip to the grocery store or  shopping online. There are various motives for not having a credit card and it is frequent for credit card companies to try to lure new or existing clients in by offering a zero percent interest rates and low fees. What they do not tell people is that there might be fees for doing so or that the rate only lasts for ninety days. These come in addition to  annual fees and late fees, which are insanely high. Sure, consumers can avoid them by finding cards without fees and paying on-line so that payment is not lost in the mail, but why go through that trouble? Interest Rates and Fees The one thing to dislike about credit cards is the  interest rates can be high if you do not choose the right one. To use a credit card correctly, one must make purchases he or she is able to pay off upon getting the monthly  bill, but some Americans  do not. Credit cards should be  only use as second-hand funds for emergencies only. A heavy user can be liable to abuse  credit cards. According to the Federal Reserve report, (2010), the total U. S. consumer revolving debt fell to $866 billion at the end of 2009, down from $958 billion at the end of 2008. About ninety-eight percent of that debt was credit card debt. Americans  who  utilize this financial tool are liable to spend more on transactions than those who purchase things with cash. As soon as the bills turn up, some people would pay only the minimum payment on their credit card. Keep in mind, small minimum expenditures just are not sufficient to cover finance charges. According to Mason, (2010), â€Å"Credit cards interest rates are at its highest in nine years. The average rate today is 14. 7% for every cardholder and last year interest rates was 13. 1% this is because of the new credit card regulations. In addition, new credit card rules may harm more than help. All of the credit card rules may force Americans to be more careful, but it is not going to help a struggling society pick up the pace,† (para. 2). Unpaid Balances No matter what the reason is for closing a credit card, it is imperative to make a note that not all credit cards should be closed. As a structure of damage control, some people decide to close a credit card when they have a high balance on it. According to Buttell,(2009) â€Å"This is not excellent because that balance will continue to build up high interest rate charges in the future and must pay off not only the remaining balance transfer but the purchase balance as well as any new balance transfers or purchases the consumer put on his or her card or cards. Before the cardholder can even touch his or her cash advance balance, which has the highest interest rate† (para. payment allocation details). What is an unpaid balance? An unpaid credit card is when a cardholder closes up a credit card account that has a  credit balance, the  credit card issuer credit limit  on that card is reduced to zero, and it comes across as if the cardholder has maxed out the card. According to Morah, (2009) â€Å"very high credit card interest rates are another reason why people close their accounts. If you still have an unpaid balance on a credit card with a high interest rate, closing the card. Beneath the existing state of affairs, it may possibly take customers years to pay off high interest rate balances,† (para. reasons for closing a credit card). What effect does an unpaid balance have on a cardholder? Having a maxed-out card, or even a card that simply appears to be maxed out, will have an unconstructive blow on the person’s credit score. â€Å"If someone has a horrible credit score, applying for a credit card is going to be agonizing. However, rates vary depending on the type of card he or she apply for, with a score below 599 the applicant will most likely be stuck facing an APR of 24% or higher. In fact, First Premier Bank offers a Gold MasterCard with a whopping 59. 9% rate for those people with less than perfect credit† (Ellis, 2011,para. 7). While creditors have no obligation to agree to negotiate the total sum a consumer owes, they have a legal responsibility to provide accurate information to the credit reporting agencies, as well as failure to make monthly payments. â€Å" In some instances, when creditors win a lawsuit, they have the right to garnish wages or put a lien on homes. That can result in a negative entry on credit reports. In certain situations, creditors may ave the right to sue to recover the money owed. Finally, the Internal Revenue Service may consider any amount of forgiven debt to be taxable income,† (Federal Trade Commission,  2011). Conclusion Consumers who are in a tight spot may find themselves needing to use credit cards. Today’s  society is  continuously  struggling to get rid of debt, although while attempting to eli minate debt we sometimes  generate extra debt. The one foremost trouble  we all encounter dealing with credit cards is debt. Anyone should not want to utilize credit cards because they may create a spending routine that is awful. Not having power over these bad habits will consolidate and lead to more debt for the near future. Credit cards allow people to go into debt. This is not the way to build wealth and become financially secure. Yes, the borrower has to pay the debt back within thirty to sixty days, depending on billing cycle, but no one can ever go into debt if relying on using cold, hard cash to buy everything. â€Å"There is no positive side to credit card usage. A person will spend more if they use credit cards. Even by paying all the bills on time, the credit card companies will never lose. However, most families do not pay on time. The average family in today’s society carries the burden of at least eight-thousand dollars in credit card debt according to the American Bankers Association† (Ramsey, 2009). There is no assurance that debt settlement services proposes are legitimate and there is no assurance a creditor will allow fractional payments of a legal debt. In actuality, if a consumer brings to a halt making expenditures on a credit card, late fees, and interest more often than not are added to the debt every month. If the cardholder exceeds his or her credit limit, additional fees and charges also can be added. This can cause the consumer’s original debt to double or maybe even triple and all these fees will put anyone further in the hole. References Ellis, B. (2011, January  28). Credit card rates at record highs near 15%. . Retrieved from http://money. cnn. com/2011/01/28/pf/credit_cards_interest_rates/index. htm Morah, C. (2009, June  20). Should you close your credit card. . Retrieved from investopedia. com/articles/pf/08/close-credit-card. asp#axzz1WfEy2qTU Federal Trade Commission. (2011). Facts for Consumers. Retrieved from ftc. gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/credit/cre19. shtm Ramsey, D. (2009, August  4). The truth about credit card debt []. Retrieved from daveramsey. com/article/the-truth-about-credit-card-debt/ Mason, A. (2010, August  24). New credit card rules may harm more than help []. Retrieved from cbsnews. com/stories/2010/08/23/eveningnews/main6798896. shtml Tomasino, K. (2011, August  14). Credit card APRs unchanged for 3rd straight week . . Retrieved from reditcards. com/credit-card-news/credit-card-interest-rate-report-0817-1276. php Buttell, A. E. (2009, June  Day). Until then, use these strategies to cut down debt Read more: creditcards. com/credit-card-news/law-bans-credit-card-payment-allocation-trickery-1282. php#ixzz1WfoH9fyc Compare credit cards here CreditCards. com. . Retrieved from creditcards. com/credit-card-news/law-bans-credit-card-payment-allocation-trickery-1282. php Federal Reserve . (2011). C onsumer credit. Retrieved from federalreserve. gov/Releases/g19/20100305/

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Spence v. Washington (1974)

Spence v. Washington (1974) Should the government be able to prevent people from attaching symbols, words, or pictures to American flags in public? That was the question before the Supreme Court in Spence v. Washington, a case where a college student was prosecuted for publicly displaying an American flag to which he had attached large peace symbols. The Court found that Spence had a constitutional right to use the American flag to communicate his intended message, even if the government disagreed with him. Fast Facts: Spence v. Washington Case Argued: January 9, 1974Decision Issued:  June 25, 1974Petitioner: Harold Omond SpenceRespondent: State of WashingtonKey Question: Was a Washington State law criminalizing the display of a modified American flag in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments?Majority Decision: Justices Douglas, Stewart, Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, and PowellDissenting: Justices Burger, White, and RehnquistRuling: The right to modify the flag was an expression of freedom of speech, and as applied, the Washington State statute was in violation of the First Amendment.   Spence v. Washington: Background In Seattle, Washington, a college student named Spence hung an American flag outside the window of his private apartment - upside down and with peace symbols attached to both sides. He was protesting violent acts by the American government, for example in Cambodia and the fatal shootings of college students at Kent State University. He wanted to associate the flag more closely with peace than war: I felt there had been so much killing and that this was not what America stood for. I felt that the flag stood for America and I wanted people to know that I thought America stood for peace. Three police officers saw the flag, entered the apartment with Spence’s permission, seized the flag, and arrested him. Although Washington state had a law banning desecration of the American flag, Spence was charged under a law banning â€Å"improper use† of the American flag, denying people the right to: Place or cause to be placed any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawing or advertisement of any nature upon any flag, standard, color, ensign or shield of the United States or of this state ... orExpose to public view any such flag, standard, color, ensign or shield upon which shall have been printed, painted or otherwise produced, or to which shall have been attached, appended, affixed or annexed any such word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawing or advertisement... Spence was convicted after the judge told the jury that merely displaying the flag with an attached peace symbol was sufficient grounds for conviction. He was fined $75 and sentenced to 10 days in jail (suspended). The Washington Court of Appeals reversed this, declaring that the law overbroad. The Washington Supreme Court reinstated the conviction and Spence appealed to the Supreme Court. Spence v. Washington: Decision In an unsigned, per curiam decision, the Supreme Court said the Washington law â€Å"impermissibly infringed a form of protected expression.† Several factors were cited: the flag was private property, it was displayed on private property, the display did not risk any breach of peace, and finally even the state admitted that Spence was â€Å"engaged in a form of communication.† As to whether the state has an interest in preserving the flag as â€Å"an unalloyed symbol of our country,† the decision states: Presumably, this interest might be seen as an effort to prevent the appropriation of a revered national symbol by an individual, interest group, or enterprise where there was a risk that association of the symbol with a particular product or viewpoint might be taken erroneously as evidence of governmental endorsement. Alternatively, it might be argued that the interest asserted by the state court is based on the uniquely universal character of the national flag as a symbol.For the great majority of us, the flag is a symbol of patriotism, of pride in the history of our country, and of the service, sacrifice, and valor of the millions of Americans who in peace and war have joined together to build and to defend a Nation in which self-government and personal liberty endure. It evidences both the unity and diversity which are America. For others, the flag carries in varying degrees a different message. â€Å"A person gets from a symbol the meaning he puts into it, and what is one manâ⠂¬â„¢s comfort and inspiration is another’s jest and scorn.† None of this mattered, though. Even accepting a state interest here, the law was still unconstitutional because Spence was using the flag to express ideas which viewers would be able to understand. Given the protected character of his expression and in light of the fact that no interest the State may have in preserving the physical integrity of a privately owned flag was significantly impaired on these facts, the conviction must be invalidated. There was no risk that people would think the government was endorsing Spence’s message and the flag carries so many different meanings to people that the state cannot proscribe the use of the flag to express certain political views. Spence v. Washington: Significance This decision avoided dealing with whether people have a right to display flags they have permanently altered to make a statement. Spence’s alteration was deliberately temporary, and the justices appear to have thought this relevant. However, at least a free speech right to at least temporarily â€Å"deface† the American flag was established. The Supreme Court’s decision in Spence v. Washington was not unanimous. Three justices - Burger, Rehnquist, and White - disagreed with the majority’s conclusion that individuals have a free speech right to alter, even temporarily, an American flag in order to communicate some message. They agreed that Spence was indeed engaged in communicating a message, but they disagreed that Spence should be allowed to alter the flag to do so. Writing a dissent joined by Justice White, Justice Rehnquist stated: The true nature of the State’s interest in this case is not only one of preserving â€Å"the physical integrity of the flag,† but also one of preserving the flag as â€Å"an important symbol of nationhood and unity.† ... It is the character, not the cloth, of the flag which the State seeks to protect. [...]The fact that the State has a valid interest in preserving the character of the flag does not mean, of course, that it can employ all conceivable means to enforce it. It certainly could not require all citizens to own the flag or compel citizens to salute one. ... It presumably cannot punish criticism of the flag, or the principles for which it stands, any more than it could punish criticism of this country’s policies or ideas. But the statute in this case demands no such allegiance.Its operation does not depend upon whether the flag is used for communicative or noncommunicative purposes; upon whether a particular message is deemed commercial or politica l; upon whether the use of the flag is respectful or contemptuous; or upon whether any particular segment of the State’s citizenry might applaud or oppose the intended message. It simply withdraws a unique national symbol from the roster of materials that may be used as a background for communications. [emphasis added] It should be noted that Rehnquist and Burger dissented from the Court’s decision in Smith v. Goguen for substantially the same reasons. In that case, a teenager was convicted for wearing a small American flag on the seat of his pants. Although White voted with the majority, in that case, he attached a concurring opinion where he stated that he would not â€Å"find it beyond congressional power, or that of state legislatures, to forbid attaching to or putting on the flag any words, symbols, or advertisements.† Just two months after the Smith case was argued, this one appeared before the court - though that case was decided first. As was true with the Smith v. Goguen case, the dissent here simply misses the point. Even if we accept Rehnquist’s assertion that the state has an interest in preserving the flag as â€Å"an important symbol of nationhood and unity,† this does not automatically entail that the state the authority to fulfill this interest by prohibiting people from treating a privately own flag as they see fit or by criminalizing certain uses of the flag to communicate political messages. There is a missing step here - or more likely several missing steps - which Rehnquist, White, Burger and other supporters of bans on flag â€Å"desecration† never manage to include in their arguments. It’s likely that Rehnquist recognized this. He acknowledges, after all, that there are limits to what the state may do in pursuit of this interest and cites several examples of extreme government behavior which would cross the line for him. But where, exactly, is that line and why does he draw it in the place he does? Upon what basis does he allow some things but not others? Rehnquist never says and, for this reason, the effectiveness of his dissent completely fails. One more important thing should be noted about Rehnquist’s dissent: he makes it explicit that criminalizing the certain uses of the flag to communicate messages must apply to respectful as well as contemptuous messages. Thus, the words â€Å"America is Great† would be just as prohibited as the words â€Å"America Sucks.† Rehnquist is at least consistent here, and that’s good - but how many supporters of bans on flag desecration would accept this particular consequence of their position? Rehnquist’s dissent suggests very strongly that if the government has the authority to criminalize burning an American flag, it can criminalize waving an American flag as well.

Sunday, February 16, 2020

Legacy of Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legacy of Conflict - Essay Example This paper will argue that, in the "Legacy of Conquest", Limerick functions more as a revisionist than a prophet. More specifically, this book review will argue that her approach to the American West, in terms of invasion, conquest, and development, is a valuable contribution to the study of American history regardless of academic debates regarding the efficacy of her writings as a larger foundation for a more generalized theoretical model. As an initial matter, Limerick takes great pains to define the American West as a place rather than as an abstract process. The frontier was, in her view, a stage of development. The American West exists no less today than it did a thousand or two hundred years ago. This is a valuable continuation; it is valuable because the frontier is no more the American West than the Silicon Valley, Hollywood, or tourist-packed Yosemite National Park. Students and citizens alike are better served by viewing the American West as a place, and they are also better served by viewing the American West as a place which has changed and developed over time.

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Leadership management and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Leadership management and change - Essay Example So, the values of Tesco can be lined up as follows: Tesco has a consistent strategy that has allowed the company to strengthen their core business in UK and also helps to drive expansion towards new markets. The underlying principle for this strategy is to widen the scope of the business as the company is able to deliver sustainable growth for long term. This can be done by following the customer in domestic as well as in the new markets of abroad. They had taken a strategy to diversify the business in the year of 1997. The new businesses that have been started and developed due to this strategy over the last 13 years are now profitable and competitive enough. Even Tesco is now becoming a market leader in many of their markets outside UK. The group is able to make good progress. This strategy basically has five objectives. Since the 1990, the company has been seeking out for new opportunities for generating returns and growth for shareholders in new market. Today, the group is able to operate in 13 markets outside the United Kingdom and includes that of Asia, Europe and North America. The full appearance in international retailing is not something which can happen overnight. It needs long term approach. Tesco has evolved a strategy based on six factors. Those are as follows Flexibility: Every market is different from each other. So they have their unique approach. For example, in Japan fresh products are preferred and so they tend to shop several times a week and because of that reason, the stores are located in the heart of the community. So, it would be prudent to enter into that market through acquiring of discount supermarket operators. Maintain Focus: The group understands the customer’s requirement. They know that customers usually looking for great value and great choice. So, the company’s wish to prove themselves as the leading local group needs long term effort. Use multi-formats:

Saturday, January 25, 2020

The Qualitative Or Quantitative Processes Psychology Essay

The Qualitative Or Quantitative Processes Psychology Essay Development on the whole is a complex teleological concept; it constitutes a direction and an end it involves various stages and is certainly not as simple as it seems. The view of development is used to provide meaning and order to changes that occur over time in childrens development. Development involves biological, emotional and psychological changes that take place in humans between the period of birth and towards the end of adolescence, as they progress from dependency to autonomy. During prenatal stage, developmental changes are strongly influenced by genetic factors and other events. There are various different concepts embedded in the view of development that, upon watching it closely does not seem so obvious. The idea of development is clear but the directions, mechanisms and ends of development are not so obvious. The aim of this essay is to discuss a controversial issue in developmental science enflamed by nativists, that is whether it is qualitative or quantitative proce sses that assist us in different developmental aspects. With the perspective of dynamical systems theory this essay defends qualitative change by briefly discussing dynamical systems theory briefly due to word count limit provided for this essay. This essay also shows that qualitative and quantitative changes should not be considered in opposition as they are aligned phenomenons that they very much work hand in hand across different time scales and play a fundamental role in developmental processes. Qualitative change refers to when individuals progress in developmental stages results in them becoming different than how they were earlier or continuous gradual accumulation of small changes e.g. the way children behave, think and perceive the world in a different manner as they mature or after acquiring language children look at the world in a completely different manner, as now he/she is able to give names and now have the ability to think about abstract objects that do not have concrete reality. Whereas quantitative change occurs as a result of continuous acquisition of novel information and experiences. Children grow physically stronger and bigger and acquire sophisticated knowledge for instance a child who after being two years old has grown few inches and has gained 12 pounds, so growth in weight and height indicates quantative differences. Essentially big sudden changes in development, as simple as they seem are actually result of a accumulation of gradual various miniature changes, that are even hard to notice sometimes for instance it might seem that children start walking suddenly, but is a result of rather series of small changes in development which involves steady growth and strengthening of muscles that can assist the child to lift the body weight. Child development shows a mixture of both types of qualitative and quantitative changes in processes and they are equally important. Children advances in cognitive abilities in terms of processing of information, younger children are unable to hold a number of objects in their memory in compare to older children (quantitative change). The memory of older children is qualitatively different as they are capable of using various strategies e.g. organization of information and practice to improve the number of information they can hold in their memory but younger children do not use these strategies (quantitative change) as they are not aware of them. Between 4 and 10 months in children, qualitative change shows how categories are learned and represented possibly because of the onset of language emergence in children. The idea of transformational change and continuity in development has been popular points of controversy in the history of science. In the past two decades growing number of theories claimed of continuity amongst infants and older children abilities. Most of these theories come from nativist tradition, by showing infants amazing abilities and their seeming association to forms of cognition (e.g. Meltzoff Moore, 1977; Wynn 1992). Kagan (2008) claims that theories of continuity are exaggerated e.g childrens capability to use complex semantic networks are qualitatively different from infants ability to form perceptual schemata in looking tasks. The empirical evidence of childrens competence is on insignificant grounds as empirical record is based on single measure of infants performance which was the final looking time and is influenced by a lot of factors and has been overlooked in the past by psychologists and researchers interested in revealing early competence in children. This essay uses an example of development of dynamical systems view, theoretical framework in order to understand the two important issues of whether development occurs through qualitative or quantitative processes. The aim is to define qualitative development from a dynamical systems view. I argue that qualitative changes in structural organization of behaviour happens at the time scale of behaviour the second to second time scale of thoughts, actions, emotions. This idea states that the changes that occur over development and learning is due to qualitatively different behavioural states and depends upon the stability and infants or childs flexible shifting from one state to the other state. Dynamical systems theory was introduced to developmental science by Thelen and Smith (1994) with the publication of (A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action). During the past two decades concepts of Dynamical systems theory has been applied to various phenomenas for example motor development (Corbetta Thelen, 1996), socio emotional development (Lewis Lamey Douglas, 1999), cognitive development (Spencer et al; 2007). DST determines that development is a non linear process (Thelen 1989), which states that movement in children is not developed in a continuous steady rate and in a continuous manner, but it goes through lots of changes in a sub system which eventually results in the whole system to be able to shift and consequently results in a novel motor behaviour (Smith Thelen 1993). What does qualitative mean? For various developmental researchers the term qualitative refers to transformational change which is creating something novel that is not associated to something old for instance caterpillars transforms in to a butterfly from a cocoon, what goes in to the cocoon does not really similar to what comes out. Is that a qualitative change? Is it not obvious that there has to be some biological connection between the caterpillar and the butterfly? Is it the transformation or continuity as well as discontinuity or could it be that perceptual schemata might be connected to the appearance of the initial semantic network? In the past abrupt and transformational changes were thought to show qualitative rearrangements in development but when examined at finer levels of detail they tend to be more continuous. (Adolph, Robinson, Young, Gill- Alvarez, in press; Siegler, 1994; Siegler, 1996). DST defines qualitative frame work in a precise manner showing evidence of identification of qualitative change process, and the connection between qualitative and continuous changes. The qualitative transformation with regards to DST takes place when a system shifts from one attractor condition via stability to another attractor condition. Dynamical systems are defined as mathematically modelled systems that use equations which show the rate of change of one system of variable at each moment in time. If the current state of the system and its direction of change which is how fast the system is moving along in a line assists us to use the current state, add the amount of change and then it is possible to predict where the system will be at the next point over time. Successful completion of this process can lead to the possibility of us to learn in detail the development of a child and to predict each step along the way. The issue is that dynamical developmental systems are really complex. We are unable to understand all the details of a complex system, so we have to go for something simple. We have to learn how the system acts around certain specific points known as attractors, which enable the system to gravitate over time. The complication is that these attractors have the capability to change themselves. When a qualitative transition takes place in a dynamical system it shifts from being in the local territory of one attractor to losing that attractor and gravitating toward a new one. The question stands is that how do we learn when one attractor becomes unstable and other one appears this process is known as bifurcation review Braun, (1994). There are three important critical points to be considered. First one is that qualitative change in DST is dependent on the change in the attractor states of the system which is a shift from state of stability through instability in to a different attractor state. Second one is that just by observing the system behave in time cannot explain the processes involved in the system, thirdly there is an important association between continuity and qualitative change within DST. Qualitative changes arise from continuous changes in various aspects of the system e.g. when a neural system is moved through a small change in self excitation from a perceptual state to working memory state. Changes in the dynamics of system are often seen as shifting of attractor wells. Various categories of action appear as infants shift from reaching to crawling to walking and so forth. At specific time in development the collection of wells grasps potential actions. And the depth of different wells grasps the stability of the specific action type. Table no 1 shows various developmental theories and their position with regards to qualitative vs. quantitative changes controversies, (Berk, 2003; McDevitt Ormrod, 2004). DST states that infants can self assemble, novel motor attributes in new situations. It also states that development occurs in individual children solving unique issues in their own ways. Thelen suggests that every child is different with regards to their body, their experiences and nervous system. It is impossible to predict the course of development. The research carries on. Conclusion: This essay discussed whether it is qualitative or quantitative changes that assist developmental processes in human beings. Child development involves both qualitative and quantitative growth processes and the emergence of differentiation capabilities over time. The challenge of dynamical systems is to learn and understand development, how qualitatively novel attractors appear in real time and how they become stable and accessible to promote development. This essay defends qualitative shifts as they play such a vital role as to what emerges over development is all about. The important thing is that qualitative and quantitave (continuous, gradual) shifts or changes should not be held in opposition. The view of qualitative and quantitative changes should go hand in hand. DST provides defence of qualitative development, a frame work to understand the connection amongst qualitative and quantitative development and pushes our learning and understanding of development towards l ocal time scale where continuity and appearance go hand in hand in order to produce novel things from something that is old. Table 1: Seven developmental theories and their position with regards to qualitative vs. quantitative changes controversies, (Berk, 2003; McDevitt Ormrod, 2004) Theory Nature vs. Nurture Qualitative vs. Quantitative Social Learning Interaction of nature and nurture Quantitative Biological Maturational Nature Quantitative and qualitative Ecological Interaction of nature and nurture Quantitative Psychosocial Interaction of nature and nurture Qualitative Cognitive Developmental Interaction of nature and nurture Qualitative Behaviorist Nurture Quantitative Sociocultural Interaction of nature and nurture, with more emphasis on nurture Quantitative

Friday, January 17, 2020

Jackie Robinson

Jackie is historically recognized for his most significant impact on American society of breaking the color barrier in Major League Baseball in 1947. After his initial introduction to the Major Leagues with the Brooklyn Dodgers, Jackie became the target of white race criticism all around the league including players and coaches. His challenge with the racism around the league was to not fight back, but stay a quiet, polite, ordinary baseball player.After his astounding first season and World Series appearance with the Dodgers, he became a true aspiration to African Americans and portrayed that anyone from any racial background is capable of achieving their goals if they set their mind to it. Although he was the first African to play in the MOL, he earned the respect of members of the MOL organization and ended up being known as one of the most talented baseball players of all time.His amazing stats over his career such as leading the league in stolen bases, double plays as a second b aseman, his Impressive eating average, and his MAP award, led to his induction to the Hall of Fame In 1962. His most famous statistic in his baseball career is his 19 stolen bases home. In 1997, the MOL decided to retire the number 42 for all teams In Jackass's honor, which prevents a player from ever wearing the number 42 again in MOL history. After his career in baseball, Jackie continued to fight to Improve the quality of life not only for Africans but also for society as a whole.He also became Vice President of Chock Full Nut's in 1957 and became the first African to do so In a major reparation. Robinson became an activist and leader of the African community with the NAACP in 1957 to raise money and ultimately end segregation. In his attempt to end the discrimination, he gave speeches, encouraged new Ideas, marched and stood at protests fighting for a better life among society. Jackie came Into the league hoping to Impact the racial struggle, which he did, but ended up significa ntly Impacting U. S. Imperialism's political status on the world stage.In present day, the blacks that play Major League Baseball and other Major League sports around America would not be able to do what they do without Jackass's courageous fight to end discrimination against African Americans. Cackle made American society have a different perspective on the world of sports today. By J_acquiring Jackie Robinson was born in Georgia in 1919 to a family of sharecroppers. Jackie is leading the league in stolen bases, double plays as a second baseman, his impressive batting average, and his MAP award, led to his induction to the Hall of Fame in 1962. He MOL decided to retire the number 42 for all teams in Jackass's honor, which After his career in baseball, Jackie continued to fight to improve the quality of life Chock Full Nut's in 1957 and became the first African to do so in a major end the discrimination, he gave speeches, encouraged new ideas, marched and stood at protests fighting for a better life among society. Jackie came into the league hoping to impact the racial struggle, which he did, but ended up significantly impacting U. S. jackie robinson

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Essay on The Best and Worst College Degrees - 1030 Words

The Best and Worst College Degrees Abstract In today’s society everyone thinks they need to go to college, and over 80% of kids out of high school are. Out of all these kids going to Universities, the majority don’t even know what they want to be the rest of their lives once they get to college. Common sense would tell us that people would go into the field that paid them the most money, this is not always true. So what are the most popular fields to go into when getting out of high School? We did a little research and some comparative analysis, and this is what we came up with. Engineering: Research shows that the third most popular degree in demand is engineering. This pertains to the three major types of engineering. Whether†¦show more content†¦When looking at the pay scale, another positive aspect of the job would be the starting salary, which is just over $40,000. The best part about the pay is that it increases at over 4%. Accounting: The number one most popular bachelor degree in America is accounting. An accountant is a trained professional that keeps everything about the business in running order. This may mean anything from book keeping, to following trends in the market, or just simply tax audits. When going after a degree in accounting there is a lot of math, and plain accountant classes involved. Although accounting is the number one degree in demand, it does not even rank in the top 5 for starting salaries. If you are just a basic accountant starting out on your own, you can plan on making about $45,000, with a 4.6% increase. Bachelor’s Degrees In Demand 1.) Accounting 2.) Business 3.) Electrical Engineering 4.) Computer Science 5.) Mechanical Engineering 6.) Information Sciences 7.) Marketing 8.) Computer Engineering 9.) Civil Engineering 10.) Economics/ Finance Every one of these top degrees is very much different from the next, but there are a few things that all of them have in common. For one the pay level in all three of these top job fields is very exceptional. When the employers in these three fields were polled, they all said that the number one way to get better employees is to offer better benefits. The biggest demand employees want when getting a job, is medical insurance.Show MoreRelatedThe Benefits Of Graduate School Education1470 Words   |  6 Pagesgraduate school. Education is a tricky subject in determining the potential risk of going for an advanced degree. With such a broad category, this has to be taken into account on an individual degree basis. For instance, those that want to teach at a college, need a higher level degree than those who want to teach at an elementary school. However, a big occurrence of the degree not being worth the pursuit is a master’s in curriculum and instruction. 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